eu cleantech
Financial Year
2023 Briefing
Download the printable version
2023

Welcome to your cleantech Annual Briefing

JULES BESNAINOU
Executive Director
Over the past decade, European cleantech companies have developed world-leading batteries, electrolysers, and supercapacitors, as well as near-zero carbon steel and cement technologies. This tech leadership could underpin Europe’s competitiveness, energy resilience and decarbonisation for decades to come.

Last year, European cleantech venture capital investments plateaued at €11 billion for the third year in a row. While this demonstrates European cleantech’s resilience in a year of global venture capital downturn, investments are still largely dominated by the United States, with the Asia Pacific region steadily gaining ground since 2020.

What’s more, a large funding gap at the scale-up stage puts Europe’s next generation of industry at critical risk. The European Commission calculates that to scale the manufacture of just six key technologies under the Net Zero Industry Act — namely solar, wind, batteries, heat pumps, electrolysers, carbon capture and storage — will require €92 billion of public and private investment by 2030. Even in this optimistic view, our latest research shows the EU is facing a €50+ billion investment gap by 2030. This gap could easily grow to hundreds of billions of euros by 2030 if we include the other key technologies we need to scale up: green steel and cement, long-duration energy storage, green chemistry, among others.

2023 showed some scale-up success stories starting to emerge in Europe. Members of our scale-up Coalition such as H2 Green Steel in Sweden and battery gigafactory developer Verkor in France pushed the boundaries of traditional financing, leveraging a capital stack of equity, commercial debt and subsidies to build multi-billion cleantech projects.

But these companies are the exception, not the norm, and their fundraising success must urgently be replicated in other strategic technologies such as electrolysers, ultracapacitors, long duration energy storage, innovative renewables and many more.

2024 is set to be the biggest electoral year in history. As we publish this briefing, political leaders are contending with a difficult budgetary environment, farmers’ movements and a rise of the far right. In this context, the European Green Deal makes for a tempting scapegoat, caricatured as a complex set of Brussels-imposed regulation that harms our competitiveness and adds to the cost-of-living crisis.

But the rise of clean technologies in Europe offers a positive vision for the continent: a new generation of industry is rising, bringing with it good-paying manufacturing jobs, reindustrialising after decades of offshoring, and contributing to our energy security. This is a pan-European opportunity: in 2023, cleantech investments took place in 24 of 27 EU member states. The Green Deal can enable this industrial renaissance, but only if it starts addressing the “Deal” part.

This “deal” should be a public sector-enabled, private-sector led green reindustrialisation. Europe should develop and adopt an ambitious Cleantech Investment Plan – one that is both fiscally efficient, and at the scale required to meet our manufacturing ambitions. Cleantech for Europe recently published a report setting out three key proposals :

(1) mobilising capital from institutional investors

(2) deploying public guarantees to de-risk cleantech investments;

(3) earmarking carbon pricing revenues to cleantech manufacturing.

By unleashing unprecedented volumes of capital, Europe can secure its climate and industrial leadership, for decades to come, promising security, resilience and prosperity for its citizens.

Executive Summary

2023 saw €11.1 billion invested into EU cleantech, matching the annual level of the two past years. This shows resilience, but also that investment levels have plateaued.
Seed investment increased by 7%, series A investment rose by 3%, and Series B investment rose by 8%. Growth investment fell by 7%.
The decline in growth-stage investment would have been far greater if not for two notable mega deals in Q3: H2 Green Steel, which raised €1.5bn & Verkor, who secured an €840m growth round.
The EU increased its share of global cleantech venture and growth investment from 16% in 2022 to 21% in 2023, yet continues to lag behind North America and Asia Pacific.
2023 saw cleantech become the strategic priority of the EU.
Flagship ‘Net Zero Industry Act’ close to the finishing line, with EU institutions agreeing to final list of technologies to be covered by the Act.
The ‘Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism’ (CBAM) has entered its transitional phase, spanning October 1, 2023 through December 31, 2025, during which importers of certain goods must report on embedded emissions and the carbon pricing from countries of origin.
The European Commission has tabled its proposed climate target for 2040: “net 90%” reductions compared to 1990.
2023 saw cleantech European Parliament Elections to be held 6-9 June across the EU, which will set the direction of the next European Parliament agenda: Climate-ambitious political forces are widely expected to lose seats. the strategic priority of the EU.
Election results will be pivotal for implementing the European Green Deal and ensuring the competitiveness of Europe’s cleantech manufacturing sector.
After the elections, the European Parliament will hold hearings in September and October to confirm the appointed members of the European Commission’s College of Commissioners.
With the European Parliament elections in June 2024, the coming months are solely focused on finalising the work of this legislature.
Key green legislative files have been agreed upon, such as the Net Zero Industry Act and the ESG Ratings Regulation.
Belgian Prime Minister Alexander de Croo called for an Industrial Deal to simplify the regulatory environment for companies, which will work in tandem to the Green Deal, for Europe to usher in a new era of climate and industrial leadership.

01

2023: a resilient year for EU cleantech investment

11.1
billion

INVESTED IN EU CLEANTECH IN 2023

Early-stage investment grows andpushes deal volume to record heights.

EU TRENDS

Despite continued headwinds driving a downturn in global venture capital (VC), European cleantech VC investment plateaued in 2023, and tied with 2021 for the second highest year on record.
Seed investment increased by 7%, series A investment rose by 3%, and Series B investment, the start of the scale-up journey, rose by 8%. Meanwhile, Growth investment fell by 7%.
The fall in Growth Equity investment would have been far greater had it not been for a two notable mega deals in Q3: H2 Green Steel, which raised €1.5bn in the 2nd largest ever cleantech equity round in Europe, and Verkor, France’s battery gigafactory developer, which raised a €840m growth round.
These mega deals belie a persistent weakness in Europe’s scale-up financing landscape, and remain the exception and not the norm.
EU27 Cleantech Seed, Series A, Series B and Growth investment, 2018-23
EU27 Cleantech Venture & Growth deals by stage, 2018-23

COMPARED TO GLOBAL PEERS

While European cleantech investment was flat year-on-year, cleantech VC investment decreased by 49% in NorthAmerica – the biggest drop ever recorded. Notably, however, IRA investments come in other forms, like project finance for more established clean technologies like solar and batteries.
Despite the drop in US cleantech VC investment, the US is forging ahead in cleantech manufacturing and deployment investment, where in large part thanks to the Inflation Reduction Act, US public and private investment in the first 9 months of 2023 reached $176 billion, a 40% increase compared to that period in 2022. Note that IRA funds predominantly support fairly mature technologies, whereas venture funding predominantly supports technologies that have not yet reached maturity/wide commercial availability.
The EU increased its share of global cleantech venture and growth investment from 16% in 2022 to 21% in 2023, yet continues to lag behind the North America and Asia Pacific regions.
Growth Equity investment fell slightly in the EU, collapsed in North America, and skyrocketed in the Asia Pacific region.
VC investment increased by 17% in the Asia Pacific region, in keeping with its steady upward trend starting in2019. 
Asia Pacific was the only region showing strong growth in 2023, in terms of both deal count and amount invested. Almost all of the growth in amount invested came from APAC’s strong performance at the Growth Equity stage. This reflects the region’s competitiveness in cleantech scale-up, notably driven by China.
Cleantech Venture Capital by Region, 2018-23
EU Cleantech VC as share of Global, 2018-23

MEMBER STATES ACTIVITY
Investments into EU Cleantech weather the storm

Cleantech venture capital deals took place across a record 24 out of 27 EU member states in 2023, showing cleantech remains a pan-European opportunity
Looking at deal count, the most active countries were Germany, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Finland. Estonia came in 6th, posting its most active year yet, demonstrating that its healthy tech ecosystem is embracing cleantech.
In 2023, just four EU members, Sweden, Estonia, Luxembourg, and Finland, surpassed the US level of per capita investment. This marks progress from last year, but leading EU cleantech powerhouses such as Germany, France and the Netherlands still lag behind the US.
Number of EU Cleantech Venture & Growth Equity Deals by member state, 2023
EU Cleantech Venture & Growth Equity Investment by member state per capita, 2023
Q12024_early_Sensors
Sensors
France
€15M
€15M
Q12024_early_Alternativeproteins
Alternative proteins-Q124
Germany
€15M
€15M
Q12024_early_wastemanagementq124
Waste management-q124
France
€21M
€21M
Q12024_early_industrialmaterials
Industrial Materials
France
€23M
€23M
Q12024_early_carbonremovals
Carbon Removals
Germany
€25M
€25M
Q12024_early_energystorage
Energy Storage
Finland
€26M
€26M
Netherlands
€15M
€15M
Q12024_early_transportation
Transportation
Croatia
€99M
€99M
Austria
€20M
€20M
Italy
€15M
€15M
AB2023_early_Construction
Construction
Germany
€45M
€45M
AB2023_early_Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
France
€46M
€46M
AB2023_early_Nuclear fission
Nuclear fission
France
€50M
€50M
AB2023_early_Supply chain Logistics
Supply chain & Logistics
Germany
€50M
€50M
AB2023_early_EV Charging
EV Charging
Germany
€70M
€70M
AB2023_early_Heat pumps
Heat pumps
Sweden
€86M
€86M
AB2023_early_Carbon Management
Carbon Management
Germany
€100M
€100M
AB2023_early_Green IT
Green IT
France
€100M
€100M
France
€90M
€90M
AB2023_early_Electric Vehicles
Electric Vehicles
France
200M
200M
3Q23__Others__Logistics
Transportation & Logistics
Germany
€177M
€177M
3Q23__Others__Hydro
Green Hydrogen
Germany
€169
€169
Netherlands
€130M
€130M
3Q23__Others__CRM
Critical Raw Materials
Ireland
€184
€184
3Q23__Others__Plastic
Plastic Alternatives
Netherlands
€338M
€338M
Germany
€130M
€130M
3Q23__Others__Energy
Energy & Power
Germany
€685M
€685M
3Q23__Others__EV
EV Batteries
Sweden
1100M
1100M
France
€650
€650
France
€600M
€600M
3Q23__Late__Energy
Energy & Power
Sweden
€45M
€45M
3Q23__Late__Hydro
Green Hydrogen
Portugal
€61M
€61M
3Q23__Late__Agri
Agriculture & Food
Belgium
€72M
€72M
Netherlands
€32M
€32M
3Q23__Late__Solar
Solar
Lithuania
€93M
€93M
3Q23__Late__Construction
Buildings & Construction
France
€106M
€106M
Ireland
€26M
€26M
Netherlands
€25M
€25M
3Q23__Late__EV
EV Batteries
France
€850M
€850M
3Q23__Late__Steel
Green Steel
Sweden
€1500M
€1500M
3Q23__Early__Geo
Geospatial Imagery
Germany
€17M
€17M
3Q23__Early__Transportation
Transportation & Logistics
Germany
€18M
€18M
Spain
€16M
€16M
3Q23__Early__Quantum
Quantum Computing
France
€19M
€19M
3Q23__Early__Energy
Energy & Power
Germany
€25M
€25M
3Q23__Early__Agriculture
Agriculture & Food
Denmark
€30M
€30M
3Q23__Early__Plastic
Plastic Alternatives
Germany
€36M
€36M
Finland
€23M
€23M
3Q23__Early__Construction
Buildings & Construction
Germany
€45M
€45M
Germany
€22M
€22M
2Q23__Late__Carbon
Carbon Management
Luxembourg
€34M
€34M
2Q23__Late__Agri
Agriculture
France
€162
€162
2Q23__Late__EV
EV Charging
France
€252M
€252M
Germany
€153M
€153M
Finland
€66M
€66M
Ireland
€57M
€57M
2Q23__Late_Energy
Energy, Energy Storage & Networks
Germany
€433
€433
Germany
€370M
€370M
Sweden
€90M
€90M
Italy
€41M
€41M
2Q23__Early__Electro
Electronic Devices
Germany
€20M
€20M
2Q23__Early__Biotech
Biotechnology
Germany
€20M
€20M
2Q23__Early__Construction
Buildings, Building Materials & Construction
France
€29M
€29M
France
€20M
€20M
2Q23__Early__Logistics
Transportation, Supply Chain & Logistics
Germany
€41M
€41M
Germany
€29M
€29M
France
€21M
€21M
Austria
€18M
€18M
2Q23__Early__Green-IT
Green IT
France
€91M
€91M
2023-Q1-chart__series-B__geo
Geothermal
France
€45M
€45M
2023-Q1-chart__series-B__waste
Waste Management
Netherlands
€50M
€50M
2023-Q1-chart__series-B__agrifood
Agriculture & Food
Denmark
€65M
€65M
Denmark
€47M
€47M
2023-Q1-chart__series-B__buildings
Buildings & Construction
Austria
€93M
€93M
Germany
€44M
€44M
2023-Q1-chart__series-B__blockchain
Blockchain
No items found.
2023-Q1-chart__series-B__solar
Solar
Germany
€215M
€215M
Italy
€117M
€117M
Sweden
€29M
€29M
2023-Q1-chart__series-A__solar
Solar
Ireland
€15M
€15M
2023-Q1-chart__series-A__heatpumps
Heat Pumps
Netherlands
€15M
€15M
2023-Q1-chart__series-A__fusion
Nuclear Fusion
France
€15M
€15M
2023-Q1-chart__series-A__energy
Energy & Power
Slovakia
€16M
€16M
2023-Q1-chart__series-A__agrifood
Agriculture & Food
Netherlands
€21M
€21M
2023-Q1-chart__series-A__geospatial
Geospatial imagery
Latvia
€28M
€28M
2023-Q1-chart__series-A__transportation
Transportation and Logistics
Germany
€42M
€42M
France
€21M
€21M
Germany
€15M
€15M
2023-Q1-chart__series-A__buildings
Buildings
Sweden
€42M
€42M
2023-Q1-chart__series-A__carbon-management
Carbon Management
Germany
€101M
€101M
2022-Q3-chart__transportation-logistics
Transportation & Logistics
Belgium
€20M
€20M
2022-Q3-chart__carbon-management-02
Carbon Management
Sweden
€45.7M
€45.7M
Germany
€10.9M
€10.9M
2022-Q3-chart__food-waste
Food waste
Sweden
€65.7M
€65.7M
2022-Q3-chart__energy-services
Energy Services
Germany
€214.7M
€214.7M
2022-Q3-chart__green-steel
Green steel
Sweden
€297.8M
€297.8M
2022-Q3-chart__advanced-materials
Advanced Materials, Fuels & Chemicals
Netherlands
€15.1M
€15.1M
Denmark
€11.7M
€11.7M
Netherlands
€11.2M
€11.2M
Denmark
€10.2M
€10.2M
2022-Q3-chart__alternative-proteins
Alternative Proteins
France
€16.8M
€16.8M
Finland
€15.3M
€15.3M
2022-Q3-chart__energy
Energy, Energy Storage & Networks
Netherlands
€30.5M
€30.5M
France
€13.9M
€13.9M
Netherlands
€12.3M
€12.3M
2022-Q3-chart__electric-vehicles-02
Electric Vehicles
Germany
€50.3M
€50.3M
2022-Q3-chart__supply-chain-logistics
Supply Chain & Logistics
Germany
€153.7M
€153.7M
2022-Q3-chart__crop-inputs-02
Crop Inputs
Slovenia
€14.5M
€14.5M
2022-Q3-chart__biomass-waste
Biomass & waste to energy
Germany
€37.7M
€37.7M
2022-Q3-chart__fuel-cells
Fuel Cells
Denmark
€54.4M
€54.4M
2022-Q3-chart__electric-vehicles
Electric Vehicles
Netherlands
€159.7M
€159.7M
2022-Q3-chart__hydrogen
Hydrogen
Germany
€271.3M
€271.3M
2022-Q3-chart__agriculture-food
Agriculture & Food
France
€485.3M
€485.3M
2022-Q3-chart__carbon-management
Carbon Management
Sweden
€11.6M
€11.6M
2022-Q3-chart__hvac
HVAC
Czech Republic
€15.7M
€15.7M
2022-Q3-chart__solar
Solar
Sweden
€22.9M
€22.9M
2022-Q3-chart__crop-inputs
Crop Inputs
France
€23.9M
€23.9M
2022-Q3-chart__construction
Construction
Spain
€37.9M
€37.9M
2022-Q3-chart__ev-charging
EV Charging
France
€180M
€180M
Denmark
€47.2M
€47.2M
Netherlands
€19.9M
€19.9M
Lithuana
€7.2M
€7.2M

Energy investments continue strong showing
Top deals and activities

(Seed and series A)

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{{AB2023_early_Supply chain Logistics}}

{{AB2023_early_Green IT}}

{{AB2023_early_Nuclear fission}}

{{AB2023_early_Carbon Management}}

{{AB2023_early_Hydrogen Fuel Cells}}

{{AB2023_early_Heat pumps}}

{{AB2023_early_Construction}}

{{AB2023_early_EV Charging}}

(Series B and Growth Equity)

INVESTOR NEWS
The latest from the cleantech investment ecosystem

€3.75b

The European Investment Bank Group along with contributions from Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Belgium launched the European Tech Champions Initiative, a fund-of-funds with €3.75 billion of capital to tackle the European scale-up funding gap.

€1b

Germany launched a new €1 billion fund for deeptech and climate tech growth-stage companies. The capital comes from the federal government’s future fund and the ERP special fund.

€450m

Planet First Partners, a cleantech growth fund, closed its second funding round at €450 million. The fund had an initial target size of €350 million but was oversubscribed.

€400m

Eurazeo announced the final closing of its Eurazeo Smart City Fund II at €400 million exceeding the initial target. The fund is dedicated to new technologies and digital innovation for sustainable cities, targeting the key sectors of the low-carbon economy: renewable energy, advanced mobility, logistics, manufacturing and the built environment.

€200m

SET Ventures announced its €200 million fourth fund with €127 million committed to invest in the next generation of technology leaders that will shape the carbon-free energy system of the future.

€160m

Planet A Ventures, which is taking a science-based approach to impact investment, closed its first fund at €160 million.

02

EU cleantech policy

Critical parts of the Fit for 55 package; the series of legislative proposals aiming at reducing the EU’s net emissions by at least 55% by 2030, are being finalised

Year in review
EU cleantech policy in 2023

Net Zero Industry Act (NZIA)

The European institutions reached an agreement on the final form of  NZIA. Under the agreement, the following technologies will receive regulatory and investment priority: solar photovoltaic and solar thermal, onshore wind and offshore renewables, batteries, heat pumps, renewable hydrogen, biomethane and biogas, CCS and grid, biogas, nuclear, sustainable aviation fuels, biotech and transformative industrial technologies for decarbonisation not covered under the previous technological categories.

EU 2040 climate target

The European Commission put forward a Communication proposing to reducing the EU’s net greenhouse gas emissions by 90% by 2040 relative to 1990. The Communication does not yet set any legally binding obligations on EU Member States or industry sectors at this stage. Following the EU elections in June 2024, the European Commission will table legislative proposals for the post-2030 policy framework that will be needed to deliver the 2040 target.

Industrial Carbon Management

The European Commission published its Industrial Carbon Management Strategy which provides a roadmap for the removal and storage of millions of tonnes of CO₂. The Strategy provides a clear separation of point-source Carbon Capture and Storage as an emissions reduction measure and carbon dioxide removals to remove unavoidable emissions.

Green mobility

The European institutions reached an agreement on the revision of CO₂ emission standards for new heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). The new targets require manufacturers to reduce average emissions of new trucks by 45% by 2030, 65% by 2035 and 90% by 2040, effectively phasing out almost all sales of new diesel trucks by 2040. The scope now covers almost all new HDVs, from smaller trucks to urban buses and trailers. This agreement sends a strong policy signal to HDV manufacturers and investors to double down on developing HDVs running on electricity or hydrogen.

Sustainability reporting standards

The Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) starts its phased application in 2024. However, following the adoption of the first set of European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS), the Commission is proposing to: delay the deadline for adoption of certain aspects of ESRS by two years, from June 2024 to June 2026; and reduce the number of companies under the CSRD scope.

Carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM)

The CBAM covers importers of electricity, hydrogen, fertilisers, cement, aluminum, iron, and steel. From October 1, 2023, to December 31, 2025, CBAM is undergoing a transitional phase. During this time, importers of the goods mentioned above must provide quarterly reports including details about embedded emissions and the carbon pricing from the respective countries of origin of the goods they import. The complete CBAM system will enter into force from January 1, 2026.

03

2024: Election year

Critical parts of the Fit for 55 package; the series of legislative proposals aiming at reducing the EU’s net emissions by at least 55% by 2030, are being finalised

What to look out for in 2024

Election year 2024

Several major elections (including in the EU, US, UK, and India) will take place in 2024 which could affect the speed of the energy transition. The European Parliament elections will be pivotal to the implementation of the European Green Deal and Europe’s cleantech manufacturing competitiveness ambition. The outcome of the US election will impact COP29 negotiations, the US Inflation Reduction Act, and key US funding instruments such as the Department of Energy’s Loan Programs Office.

EU Elections

On 6-9 June the European Parliament elections will be held. These will play a significant role in shaping the next 5 years of EU policy affecting Europe’s cleantech ecosystem. Climate-ambitious political forces are widely expected to lose seats but may hold onto their majority. After the elections, the European Parliament will hold hearings in September and October to confirm the appointed members of the European Commission’s cabinet of Commissioners.

Cleantech Investment Plans

At a time where the US, China, Japan, India and Canada are investing agressively in cleantech, Europe lags behind its global peers by not having a cleantech investment plan in place. For instance, through the newly adopted GX (Green Transformation) Promotion Law, Japan will facilitate the issuance of GX Economic Transition Bonds, a ¥ 20 trillion (€127 billion ) project over a decade, to attract over ¥ 150 trillion (€955 billion) in investments.

Resilience

While mitigation efforts are essential for addressing climate change, resilience is necessary to manage the unavoidable climate impacts that are already occurring (e.g., droughts, heatwaves, wildfires, floods). Cleantech can contribute to climate resilience through: resilient energy infrastructure, reduced vulnerability to energy supply disruptions, improved water and food security, and climate-resilient agriculture.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

The global acceleration in AI technology development will also impact our sector. AI holds great potential for transforming cleantech including via optimising energy systems, smart grid management, climate modelling and risk assessment, making permitting for cleantech projects less burdensome and developing advanced materials for cleantech such as solar cells, batteries, and fuel cells.

Geopolitical Instability

From the war in Ukraine to the Red Sea Crisis, geopolitical risks abound, threatening energy prices and cleantech supply chains. Geopolitical instability has several impacts on the development and deployment of cleantech including: supply chain disruptions in critical minerals, such as cobalt, lithium, and rare earth elements; market volatility; and contributing to energy insecurity.

04

H1 2024: The Belgian Presidency

EU Presidency priorities

Spanish Presidency: a look back

The Spanish Presidency of the Council of the EU oversaw significant progress in passing and implementation key parts of the Green Deal.
A deal was reached on the Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA), which creates a regulatory framework for securing Europe’s supply of critical minerals through domestic production, diversification and circularity.
A deal was reached on the Methane Regulation, which sets standards for the measurement, reporting and verification of methane emissions from the energy sector, and tackles methane leaks, venting and flaring.
A deal was reached on the new ‘Ecodesign’ rules which make it easier for products to be recycled and repaired, combats planned obsolescence, and bans the destruction of unsold clothing and footwear.
A deal was reached to recast the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), seeking to decarbonise and renovate existing buildings, and set minimum requirements for the energy performance of all buildings, by sector.
A deal was reached on the last piece of the EU’s hydrogen and decarbonised gas package, which comprises a regulation and directive that will create the market for the transmission, distribution, and storage of hydrogen in the EU.

Belgian Presidency: a look ahead

Belgium Presidency happens in a specific political context as Belgium will hold its regional and federal elections on June 9th 2024, alongside the EU electoral vote.
With the European Parliament elections in June 2024, the coming months are solely focused on finalising the work of this legislature. Key green legislative files that have been finalised include:
The Net Zero Industry Act which intends to bolster Europe’s cleantech manufacturing output. The NZIA sets a target for Europe to generate 40% of its yearly deployment requirements using a predefined list of net-zero technologies by 2030.
The ESG ratings regulation which sets forth organisational, governance and transparency requirements for ESG ratings providers. These requirements focus solely on regulating the provision but not the content of ESG ratings.
The Listing Act which aims to simplify access to European capital markets and streamline the listing process as well as post-listing requirements by amending inter alia the Prospectus regulation.
Prime Minister Alexander de Croo has called for an Industrial Deal to simplify the regulatory environment for companies, which will work in tandem to the Green Deal, for Europe to usher in a new era of climate and industrial leadership.
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acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the following reviewers:
Peter Sweatman, CEO and founder, Climate Strategy
and
Thomas Pellerin-Carlin Director, EU Programme, Institute for Climate Economics (I4CE)

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